Use of tumor markers in testicular, prostate, colorectal. Testicular cancer is uncommon, accounting for less than 1% of all internal organ malignancies 2. Testicular cancer is a cancer that arises from a testicle testis. Usually only one testicle is affected, but in some cases both testicles are affected. It represent 1% of male cancers and 5% of urological tumors. Lymphoma is the most common secondary testicular cancer. Pathologymixed germ cell tumor 90% embryonal, 7% immature teratoma, 2% choriocarcinoma and 1% yolk sac tumor discussion germ cell tumors account for 95% of all testicular tumors. Nevertheless, its incidence in industrialized countries has been increasing during the last decades. Difference between epididymis and testicular cancer.
Pathology outlines testicular tumors classification. Testicular tumors constitute one of the most common tumors of men. Testicular tumors may contain both seminoma and nonseminoma cells. Cancer that develops in a testicle is called testicular cancer or cancer of the testis. Difference between prostate cancer and testicular cancer. Testis tumor testicular cancer yolk sac tumor teratoma. Testicular cancer represents 5% of urological tumours affecting mostly younger males. Testicular cancer causes, risk factors, and prevention cancer. This document presents a limited update of the 2014 publication. The european association of urology eau published the first guidelines on testicular cancer in 2001. The lifetime risk of developing testicular cancer is about 1 in 199 for men in the uk. Now a survivor of testicular cancer, knies strongly urges men to examine their testicles regularly. Testicular tumors 080615 ucsf department of urology. Testicular cancer including selfexam, cancer treatment and.
Since 2008, the testicular guidelines contain a separate chapter on testicular stromal tumours. Jun 01, 2014 etiology is unknown but tumors are thought to arise from an embryonic germ cell leading to testicular intraepithelial neoplasia the precursor to classical seminoma. This represents a 500fold increase in incidence over that noted among the normal male population. Testicular cancer mostly affects men aged between 15 and 40 years. Testicular cancer methodological quality of clinical. Before age 2 most testicular tumors are benign and do not spread throughout the body. After onset of puberty most of the testicular tumors are malignant. For testicular cancer table 1 lists the most widely investigated tissuebased and serumbased tumor markers for testicular cancer. Serially section the spermatic cord along its length and submit shave of cord margin and representative crosssections of proximal, middle, and distal cord be clear in cassette summary as to the designation of location on cord, such as base of cord nearest testis. Mixed germ cell tumors cancerous tumors that are made up of both seminoma and nonseminoma cells. Other testicular tumors include lymphoma, the most common testicular malignancy in men over 60. It is important to distinguish what types of cancers develop because each differs in its prognosis and treatment.
The testicles contain several types of cells, each of which may develop into the same or different type of cancer. Approximately 1% to 2% of patients with testicular cancer will develop a second primary tumor in the contralateral testis over time. While a mans risk of developing it is one in 300, his chance of dying from the disease is only approximately one in 5,000. The aim of these guidelines is to present the current evidence for the diagnosis and treatment of patients with cancer of the testis. Best practices recommendations in the application of immunohistochemistry in testicular tumors report from the international society of urological pathology consensus conference thomas m. Bilaterality bilateral testicular involvement by germ cell tumors is seen in 1. Also listed is the phase of development of each marker as well as the level of evidence loe for its clinical use. This form of cancer is treated successfully in more than 95 percent of cases. The agency is currently reassessing the cancer classification of trichloroethylene. Testicular cancer causes, risk factors, and prevention. In the presence of bilateral testicular tumors in an elderly. Best practices recommendations in the application of.
Globally testicular cancer affected about 686,000 people in 2015. Testicular germ cell tumor gct is the most commonly diagnosed cancer among young adult men, with rates peaking in the 3039 age group. Their prognosis depends on the type and stage of lymphoma. Histologic classifications, grading systems, and staging evaluations have traditionally provided a major clinical basis for therapeutic decisions. Nov 24, 2014 testicular cancer is a relatively rare cancer with an incidence of 7. Testicular cancer is highly treatable and usually curable. Age at surgery for undescended testis and risk of testicular. Seminomas consist of one type of cancer cell whereas nonseminomas typically involve a mixture of cell types. Medical professionals say men can greatly increase their chances of finding testicular tumors by testicular selfexamination, or tse. Testicular neoplasms in children are rare, accounting for 12 % of all pediatric solid tumors. Locating a tumor this way can boost the odds of early intervention and total cure.
Most testicular cancers start in the cells that develop into sperm, which are called germ cells. Over 90% of all tumors of the testes are primary germ cell tumors, and as such young adults are the overall most frequently involved group. Sometimes testicular cancer can spread to lymph nodes in and. Most commonly presents as a hard, painless nodule on one testis noticed by the patient or at a regular clinic exam. Pdf germ cell tumors gcts of the testis are rare, but are the most common cancer in young men. More than 90 percent of testicular cancers begin in the germ cells, which.
Testicular cancer is the most common cancer in men 20 to 35 years old. Some testicular tumors that occur in young children can be malignant, and these. Testicular tumors knowledge for medical students and physicians. Even in cases in which cancer has spread widely, chemotherapy offers a cure rate greater than 80%. Although several cell types in the testis can undergo neoplastic transformation, germ cellderived tumors constitute the vast majority of cases of testicular neoplasms. Key difference epididymis vs testicular cancer most people think that epididymis is a name of a disease. Testicular lymphoma is more common than primary testicular tumors in men older than 50. Testicular seminoma genetic and rare diseases information. The risk of bilaterality rises to 15% if both testes are undescended. The back of the abdomen near the spine, called the retroperitoneum. Treatment options may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or stem cell transplantation. Major changes include a pathogenetically derived classi. Testicular cancer urology associates of northeast florida.
Seminoma a type of testicular cancer that grows slowly. This document addresses germcell tumours and sex cordgonadal stromal tumours. Testicular cancer occurs most often in men between the ages of 20. Animal studies have reported increases in lung, liver, kidney, and testicular tumors and lymphoma. Testicular cancer refers to a malignant disease that originates from the germ cells of the male testis. Cryptorchidism is a risk factor for the development of testicular seminomatous germ cell tumors. Sep 20, 2019 germ cell tumors, which are the most common, are classified histologically as either seminoma or nonseminoma. The world health organization who has standardized pathologic criteria for the diagnosis of testicular cancer. Other types of testicular cancer exist but are very rare and are not covered in this guide. While a mans risk of developing it is one in 300, his chance of dying from the disease is. They usually occur in the first 2 years of life or during young adulthood after boys enter puberty.
Testicular cancer testicular cancer is a disease in which malignant cells form in the tissue of one or both testicles. Tumors that have spread to other places in the body may be partly or entirely removed by surgery. Testicular cancer is usually diagnosed after the man notices a lump or other change in a testicle. Nccn guidelines with nccn evidence blocks very advanced head and neck cancer about nccn evidence blocks nccn guidelines. There has been a steady increase in incidence over previous decades in industrialised countries. Most types of testicular cancer develop in the spermproducing cells known as germ cells and are referred to as germ cell tumors. Testicular tumors most commonly occur in men between 20 and 35 years of age, and are the most common solid malignancy in this group. See overview of the treatment of testicular germ cell tumors. However, epididymis is only a part of the male reproductive system that facilitates the transportation and maturation of the spermatozoa. The most common situation is bilateral spermatocytic or classic seminoma. Many prepubertal testis tumors are benign and can be managed with testis sparing.
Considering that there are no publications in brazil reporting on clinical and epidemiological differences between testicular tumors in children and adolescents, the objective of the present study was to perform a comparative assessment between these two age groups at a brazilian pediatric oncology center. Nov 11, 20 bilaterality bilateral testicular involvement by germ cell tumors is seen in 1. Testicular cancer guide to testicular cancer treatment the prognosis for most men with testicular cancer is very good. Risk factors for testicular cancer what causes testicular cancer. Guidelines for the diagnosis and staging of testicular cancer. Risikofaktoren untervirilisierung des embryos gonadale dysgenesien. The demographics of affected individuals depends on the age of the histology of the tumor. Testis and epididymis testicular tumors classification.
The main source of information for this fact sheet is the agency for toxic substances and disease registrys atsdrs toxicological profile for trichloroethylene. It is the most common cancer in men aged 1544 years. Pdf cryptorchidism, family history, and infertility are risk factors for testicular cancer. We would like to show you a description here but the site wont allow us. The cause of testicular cancer is unknown, but most of them originate in the cells that are involved in making sperm in the testicles the germ cells. Of the three main types of testicular cancer, nonseminomatous germ cell tumors nsgcts are second only to seminomas in terms of frequency. Nonseminoma a type of testicular cancer that grows and spreads faster than seminomas. Get a printable copy pdf file of the complete article 3.
Review papers have been published in the society scientific. Testicular cancer occurs in the testicles testes, which are located inside the scrotum, a loose bag of skin underneath the penis. All documents can be viewed, free access, through the eau website uroweb. Diagnosis and treatment of testicular cancer joel shaw, md, grant medical center, columbus, ohio t esticular cancer 7accounts for 1 to 2 percent of 1all neoplasms in men. This is more common with nonseminomatous tumors and is seen in the lungs, liver, brain, and bones. The testicles produce male sex hormones and sperm for reproduction. The testicles, also called the testes, are a part of the male reproductive system. Testicular cancer happens when cells in the testicle grow to form a tumor.
Secondary testicular tumors secondary testicular tumors are those that start in another organ and then spread to the testicle. Background approximately 95% of all malignant testicular tumors are of. Pdf current management of testicular cancer researchgate. Testicular cancer comprises a number of different neoplasms, depending on the cell of origin and the typical age at presentation 1, 2. The testicles, which are slightly smaller than a golf ball, are contained in a sac of skin called the scrotum, which hangs beneath the penis. Also, a clear trend has been seen toward an increased testicular cancer incidence in the past 30 years in most industrialized countries. Optimal therapy, which varies with the stage of disease, is discussed separately. Late relapse of testicular cancer is defined as a recurrence occurring more than 2 years after completing initial therapy. Testicular cancer accounts for only 1 percent of all cancers in men in the united states.
Around half of all cases occur in men aged under 35 but testicular cancer rarely occurs before puberty. Srigley, md,y8and members of the isup immunohistochemistry in diagnostic urologic. Compared with other types of cancer, testicular cancer is rare. Germ cell tumors, which are the most common, are classified histologically as either seminoma or nonseminoma. Learn more about the risk factors for testicular cancer. Age at surgery for undescended testis and risk of testicular cancer n engl j med 356. Elevated serum tumor markers can be used for disease diagnosis and aid in monitoring the treatment response. Perhaps the strongest risk factor for germ cell tumors is a history of testicular cancer. The world health organization 2016 classification of. Teratoma and yolk sac are the most common cell types seen in children. Mar 03, 2020 testicular tumors account for 12% of all pediatric tumors, with an incidence of 0. The tumors in children that occur during the first 2 years of life are generally different than the ones that occur after the onset of puberty. Health history can affect the risk of testicular cancer.
Testicular mixed germ cell tumor additional clinical laboratoryhcg 5 h and alphafetoprotein 60. There are about 2,000 new cases in the uk each year. Pdf clinicopathological characteristics of testicular tumors. More advanced but still curable cancers may present with swelling of breast tissue or a mass in the abdomen or neck. Key difference prostate cancer vs testicular cancer prostate cancer and testicular cancer are two disease conditions affecting the male. Etiology is unknown but tumors are thought to arise from an embryonic germ cell leading to testicular intraepithelial neoplasia the precursor to classical seminoma. Germ cell tumors in men can start in several parts of the body.
The testicles produce male hormones, one of which is testosterone. Testicular tumors account for 12% of all pediatric tumors, with an incidence of 0. Although metastases from testicular tumors are typically by the lymphatic route, hematogenous spread can also occur. Testicular tumors usually present as a nodule or painless swelling of one testicle, which may be noted incidentally by the patient or by his sexual partner.